Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis :: essays papers

Equine Protozoal MyeloencepalitisEquine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis is a serious neurological disease in horses caused by a parasite protozoa thought to be sarcosystis neurona. The disease was first identified in the 1960s when lesions and inflammation were seen in the brain and spinal heap of horses that had died of severe neurologic disease. Protozoa were discovered on the lesions in 1974, however the vector was unknown and the disease considered r be. Recently the opossum has been isolated as the verisimilar vector and the probable parasite organism identified as Sarcosystis falcatula. (Fenger, 1996)The Sarcosystis protozoan parasites have a complicated life cycle. They exist in two different forms. One in the definitive host (a carnivore like the opossum) and one in a secondary or intermediate host (wild birds that the opossum feeds on). It reproduces in the digestive tract of the definitive host and passes infective sporocysts in the feces, which are then taken in by the seco ndary host. There the sporocysts migrate to the muscles and stop prevail for years until the secondary host is eaten by the definitive host. The protozoa are usually very host specific (requiring a specific carnivore to reproduce), and most likely neither host show any clinical signs of disease. (U. minute 1999)The horse is an unfortunate casualty in this cycle it is infected when feces of the opossum are ingested with their food material. The horse is a dead-end host, meaning it is not required in the parasites life cycle and therefore the disease cannot be transmitted from horse to horse. Several interesting facts put forth by the University of Missouri EPM is seen only in parts of the world that are inhabited by opossum specifically the Americas. It has been estimated that seroprevalence (indicating exposure) in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky is as high as 50%, however only a small percentage (2-3%) of those exposed will start ill with symptoms. Native wild birds infected a re not likely to show any symptoms, however non-native birds become acutely ill and die from S. falcatula exposure. (U. Missouri 1999)Primary clinical signs of EPM occur from swelling and nerve death in the central nervous system as a result of the replicating protozoa. Neurologic signs can be directly referable to the site or sites of infection. The spinal cord is most often affected resulting in the three A symptoms of asymmetric motor ataxia and focal muscle atrophy. (Fenger, 1996) Ataxia affects the horses sense of position in space.